IKIBINE DOGRU

(Toward 2000)

   This was an influential pro-Kurdish journal in Turkey that was banned early in 1992. A series of successors promptly met a similar fate: Gundem (Agenda) 19921993, Ozgur Gundem (Free Agenda) 1993-1994, Ozgur Ulke (Free Land) 1994-1995, and Yeni Politika (New Policy) 1995, among others. Ironically, Turkish law allowed thinly disguised retreads to reappear, but only ephemerally. What is more, these journals were subject to regular confiscations, while their workers and buildings were targeted for fatal attacks at the hands of the shadowy Hizbul-lah (Turkey).

   As of 2010, a host of new pro-Kurdish publications exist as well as Kurdish news agencies, television stations, and Internet sites. The result is a Kurdish world of journalism that could not have been imagined a few decades ago.